虚拟语气用法

浅谈高中英语中虚拟语气的用法

(The Subjunctive Mood)

    在我们汉语中因为没有虚拟语气这一概念，因此当高中学生遇到这一语法点时，他们往往因为没有母语作为参照，在理解时，存在或多或少的问题, 虚拟语气指的是: 表示动作或状态不是客观存在的事实，而是说话人的主观愿望、假设或推测等。现在笔者从三个方面对这一语法进行论述：

一、条件句中的虚拟语气

1.非真实条件句中

    条件句有两类，一类是真实条件句，一类是虚拟条件句。如果假设的情况是有可能发生的，就是真实条件句。在这种真实条件句中的谓语用陈述语气。例如: If it doesn’t rain tomorrow, we will go to the park. 如果明天不下雨，我们就去公园。

如果假设的情况是过去或现在都不存在的，或将来不大可能发生的，则是虚拟条件句。例如: If he had seen you yesterday, he would have asked you about it. 如果他昨天见到你，他会问你这件事的。(事实上他昨天没见到你，因此也未能问你这件事。)

    在含有虚拟条件句的复合句中，主句和从句的谓语都要用虚拟语气。

虚拟情况

与现在事实相反的虚拟

       1） If I had HIV, I would know because I would feel sick.

       2）If I were you, I would give AIDS patient a hug.

与过去事实相反的虚拟

       3）If I had taken your advice, I wouldn’t have made a mistake.

       4）If he had been there, it wouldn’t have happened.

与将来事实相反的虚拟

       5）If it should rain tomorrow, they wouldn’t go for an outing.

       6）I think we could do it, if we planed it properly and could borrow the tools.

       7） If we were to have three days off , we would enjoy a very happy life.

例句1. If my brother were here, everything would be all right. 要是我哥哥在这儿 ，一切都没问题了。

例句2. If you had taken my advice，you wouldn't have failed in the exam. 如果你按照我的建议去做，你一定不会(不可能)考试不及格。

例句3.If it were Sunday tomorrow, I should go to see my grandmother. 如果明天是星期天，我就 (可能)去看望我奶奶。

例句4.If it were to snow this evening, they would not go out. 如果今晚下雪，他们将不出去了。

注意：

     ①.在正式文体中，如果虚拟条件从句中有were，had 或 should，可以把if省略，把这几个词放到主语之前，构成主谓倒装，另外主句中的should只用于I、we，但在美国英语中，should常被would代替；从句中的should可用于各种人称。

     ②. if= on condition that, suppose that, supposing that, provided that和providing that.

2.错综时间条件句

    条件从句中的动作和主句中的动作发生的时间如果不一致，这时动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间加以调整,具体分为三种情况。

过去 + 现在， 现在 +过去，现在 + 将来

例句1. If he had followed the doctor’s advice, he would be all right now.

例句2. If I were you, I would have taken his advice.

例句3. If he were here now, he would go there with us.

3.含蓄条件句

    指用介词短语或连词引导的虚拟语气，包括without, but for/that, with, but ,otherwise, or, or else, though, although。

例句1. But for your help, we couldn’t have finished the work in time.

例句2. Without music, the world would be a dull place.

例句3. He would have given you more help, but he has been busy.

例句4. He would gain weight but he doesn’t eat enough.

例句5. With better equipment, we could have done it better.

例句6. He was very busy doing his experiments in physics, otherwise he would have given you much help.

例句7. Einstein had little concern for money, though he could have been an very rich man.

4.省去条件从句或主句

    表示虚拟语气的主句或从句有时可以省略，但其含义仍可以推知。

①. 省去条件从句。

例如: You could have washed your clothes yourself. 你本可以自已洗衣服的。省去了                   "If you had wanted to" (事实是:你自己没洗衣服，因为你不想洗。)。

②. 省去主句(常用以表示愿望)。

例如: If my grandmother were with me! 如果我的祖母与我在一起多好啊!(事实是:祖母已不在世。)。

二、虚拟语气在名词性从句中的使用

1. 虚拟语气用在表示命令，要求和建议的名词性从句中，从句谓语动词用should/do的形式。

①.用在动词insist, suggest, propose, demand, recommend和require 等后面的宾语从句中。例如: I demand that he (should) answer me immediately.（我要求他立刻答复我。）

②.用在名词insistence, suggestion, order, proposal和demand等后面的表语从句和同位语从句中。例如: The order he gave was that everyone should stay at home. （他当时发布的命令是每个人都应该呆在家里。）例如: The suggestion that we should save water every day has been adopted. （我们应该每天节约用水的建议已经被采纳了。）

③. 用在由It+ be+ natural, necessary, strange, important, insisted, suggested和ordered+ that引导的主语从句中。例如. It is important that every member (should) inform himself of these rules. (重要的是每个成员知道这些规则。)

2.用在 wish +（that）引导的宾语从句中。

①. 表示对现在情况的虚拟:从句动词用过去式或过去进行式(be动词一般用were)。例如: I wish I knew the answer to the question. 我希望知道这个问题的答案(可惜不知道)。

②. 表示对过去情况的虚拟:从句动词常用"had+过去分词"。例如: I wish (wished) I hadn’t spent so much money. 我后悔不该花那么多钱(实际上已经花掉)。

③. 表示对将来的主观愿望:谓语动词形式为"would+动词原形"。例如: I wish it would stop raining. 但愿雨能停止；I wish you would come soon. 但愿你立刻来。

4. 用在if only引导的宾语从句中

例句1. If only he knew how we miss him!

例句2. If only she had not left.

例句3. If only he would succeed.

5. 用在would rather, would prefer, would as soon, would sooner之后的宾语从句：＋主语＋过去式表示与现在和将来的事实相反；＋主语＋had+动词过去分词表示与过去事实相反。

例句1. I’d rather he didn’t go now.

例句2. I’d just as soon you had been here yesterday.

三、虚拟语气在状语从句中的使用

1. 用在in case, lest, for fear that(以防…)引导的状语从句中。

 例句1. He put his coat over the child for fear that he should catch cold.

 例句2. Here’s some money in case you should need it.

2. 用在as if, as though引导的方式状语从句中。

①从句动作与主句动作同时发生，从句谓语形式为动词的过去式(be用were)，例如He treated me as if I were a stranger. （他那样对待我，好像我是陌。）

②从句动作在主句动作之前发生，从句谓语形式为had+过去分词，例如: She talked about the film as if she had really seen it. 她谈论那部影片，就好像她确实看过一样。

③主句动作发生时，从句动作正在进行，从句谓语形式为were+现在分词，例如: He feels as if he were wearing a beautiful dress. (他感觉自己好像穿了一件漂亮的衣服。)

④从句动作在主句动作之后发生，从句谓语形式为would+ 动词原形，例如: He talks as if he would be a billionaire soon. (他说话的样子就好像他很快就要成为亿万富翁了。)

 注意:

    如果表示的事情可能会发生，那么从句中的谓语动词可用陈述语气。例如: It looks as if it is going to rain. (看起来田块下雨了。)

3. 用在even if/ even though引导的让步状语从句的主从复合句中，主句和从句都用虚拟语气，动词形式与含有非真实条件句的虚拟语气相同。例如: Even if he had been ill, he would have gone to his office. (即使生了病，他都去办公室。

4.在in order that或so that引导的目的状语从句中，谓语动词多用 “could或might（有时也用should）+ 动词原形”。例如: Mr. Green spoke slowly so that his students could (might) hear clearly. (格林先生说得很慢，好让学生听清楚。)

四、虚拟语气在定语从句中的使用

    在"It is time (that) …"句型中，定语从句的谓语动词常用虚拟语气表示将来，动词形式一般用过去式，意思是"该干某事的时候了，含建议的意思"。例如: It’s (high) time we did our homework. （我们该做作业了。）

五、 虚拟语气在简单句中的使用

1. 情态动词的过去式用于现在时态时，表示说话人的谦虚、客气、有礼貌，或委婉的语气，常见于日常会话中。例如: It would be better for you not to stay up too late. (你最好别太晚睡觉。)

2. 在一些习惯表达中。例如: I would rather not tell you. (我宁愿不告诉你。)

3. 用“may + 动词原形”表示"祝愿"、"但愿”，此时may须置于句首（多用于正式文体中）。例如：May you be happy!祝你快乐！May good luck be yours.祝你顺利。

    总之，虚拟语气的学习要在理解的基础上，进行大量的练习。高考英语不会对于虚拟语气考察太多，但我们必须把最基本的，最常见的虚拟语气的使用情况搞清楚。

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